AI will transform the global economy; let’s make sure it benefits humanity

We are on the brink of a technological revolution that could jumpstart productivity, boost global growth, and raise incomes around the world. Yet it could also replace jobs and deepen inequality.

The rapid advance of artificial intelligence has captivated the world, causing both excitement and alarm and raising important questions about its potential impact on the global economy.

The net effect is difficult to foresee, as AI will ripple through economies in complex ways. What we can say with some confidence is that we will need to come up with a set of policies to safely leverage the vast potential of AI for the benefit of humanity.

The net effect is difficult to foresee, as AI will ripple through economies in complex ways. What we can say with some confidence is that we will need to come up with a set of policies to safely leverage the vast potential of AI for the benefit of humanity.

Reshaping the Nature of Work

In a new analysis, IMF staff examine the potential impact of AI on the global labour market, many studies have predicted the likelihood that jobs will be replaced by AI, yet we know that, in many cases, AI is likely to complement human work, the IMF analysis captures both of these forces.

The findings are striking: almost 40% of global employment is exposed to AI, historically, automation and information technology have tended to affect routine tasks, but one of the things that sets AI apart is its ability to impact high-skilled jobs.

As a result, advanced economies face greater risks from AI but also more opportunities to leverage its benefits compared with emerging markets and developing economies.

In advanced economies, about 60% of jobs may be impacted by AI, and roughly half the exposed jobs may benefit from AI integration, enhancing productivity, for the other half, AI applications may execute key tasks currently performed by humans.

Which could lower labour demand, leading to lower wages and reduced hiring in the most extreme cases, some of these jobs may disappear.

In emerging markets and low-income countries, by contrast, AI exposure is expected to be 40 per cent and 26%, respectively. 

These findings suggest emerging markets and developing economies face fewer immediate disruptions from AI.

At the same time, many of these countries don’t have the infrastructure or skilled workforces to harness the benefits of AI, raising the risk that over time the technology could worsen inequality among nations.

AI could also affect income and wealth inequality within countries, we may see polarization within income brackets, with workers who can harness AI seeing an increase in their productivity and wages and those who cannot fall behind.

The effect on labour income will largely depend on the extent to which AI will complement high-income workers, if AI significantly complements higher-income workers, it may lead to a disproportionate increase in their labour income.

Moreover, gains in productivity from firms that adopt AI will likely boost capital returns, which may also favour high earners, both of these phenomena could exacerbate inequality.

In most scenarios, AI will likely worsen overall inequality, a troubling trend that policymakers must proactively address to prevent the technology from further stoking social tensions.

In most scenarios, AI will likely worsen overall inequality, a troubling trend that policymakers must proactively address to prevent the technology from further stoking social tensions countries must establish comprehensive social safety nets and offer retraining programs for vulnerable workers.

In doing so, we can make the AI transition more inclusive, protecting livelihoods and curbing inequality.

An Inclusive AI-Driven World

AI is being integrated into businesses around the world at remarkable speed, underscoring the need for policymakers to act.

To help countries craft the right policies, the IMF has developed an AI Preparedness Index that measures readiness in areas such as digital infrastructure, human capital and labour-market policies, innovation and economic integration, and regulation and ethics.

The human capital and labour-market policies component, for example, evaluates elements such as years of schooling and job-market mobility, as well as the proportion of the population covered by social safety nets, the regulation and ethics component assesses the adaptability to digital business models of a country’s legal framework and the presence of strong governance for effective enforcement.

Using the index, IMF staff assessed the readiness of 125 countries. The findings reveal that wealthier economies, including advanced and some emerging market economies, tend to be better equipped for AI adoption than low-income countries, though there is considerable variation across countries.

Singapore, the United States and Denmark posted the highest scores on the index, based on their strong results in all four categories tracked.

Guided by the insights from the AI Preparedness Index, advanced economies should prioritize AI innovation and integration while developing robust regulatory frameworks.

This approach will cultivate a safe and responsible AI environment, helping maintain public trust, for emerging markets and developing economies, the priority should be laying a strong foundation through investments in digital infrastructure and a digitally competent workforce.

The AI era is upon us, and it is still within our power to ensure it brings prosperity to all.

For more on artificial intelligence and the economy, see the December issue of Finance & Development, the IMF’s quarterly magazine.

Kristalina Georgieva

Managing director of the International Monetary Fund