Kannayao police and Japanese Embassy officials raided the address and detained Kawabata Kotaro, Hirota Junya, Naramura Kenji, Tomonari Satoshi and Suzuki Takafumi.
Officials also seized a laptop, printer, tablet, four smartphones and lists of alleged Japanese victims as evidence.
Kannayao police chief Colonel Naren Kruengsanook said the arrests came after a Japanese man managed to escape from the gang and alert his embassy.
"The victim – identified as Yuki Ogura – escaped from the call centre gang's residence after they deceived him into luring other Japanese nationals to Thailand," Naren said.
The alleged victim said he travelled to Thailand on December 8 after the call centre gang had offered him a job in Bangkok.
However, the gang kept him at its residence and banned him from using any communication devices, he said.
"The gang then threatened me unless I started working to lure other Japanese [to Thailand]," Ogura said.
He added that he contacted the Japanese Embassy immediately after escaping from the gang on Saturday.
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